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Mora (ship)
''Mora'' was the name of William the Conqueror's flagship, the largest and fastest ship in his invasion fleet of 700 or more ships〔The size of the fleet has been estimated of something between 696 and 3,000 ships of all sizes which transported an estimated 10,000 men, 2,000 to 3,000 horses, and all supplies sufficient to support the invasion forces. At the time of the Norman invasion of England, it was considered the largest amphibious operation since the early days of the Roman Empire. See: Bernard S. Bachrach, 'On the Origins of William the Conqueror's Horse Transports', ''Technology and Culture'', Vol. 26, No. 3 (Jul., 1985), p. 505-531. Also see: Edd Wheeler, 'The Battle of Hastings: Math, Myth and Melee', ''Military Affairs'', Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul., 1988), p. 128-134.〕 used during the Norman conquest of England in 1066.
==The ship==
''Mora'' was a ship of Drakar design and clinker construction built at Barfleur in Normandy,〔Paul Hilliam, ''William the Conqueror: First Norman King of England'' (New York: Rosen Publishing Group, 2005), p. 39〕 a gift of Matilda of Flanders to her husband William the Conqueror in the summer of 1066.〔David C. Douglas, ''William the Conqueror'' (Berkeley & Los Angeles: The University of California Press, 1964), p. 190〕 She was a larger ship and carried ten knights with their entourages and equipment.〔A large ship could carry 40 to 45 armed men (not counting the ship's crew) or ten to twelve knights, whose entourage and equipment required more ship space. Edd Wheeler, 'The Battle of Hastings: Math, Myth and Melee', ''Military Affairs'', Vol. 52, No. 3 (Jul., 1988), p. 128-134.〕 The ship was captained by Stephen, the son of Airard,〔His son was Thomas FitzStephen, the captain of the famous White Ship, which sank in the English Channel off the Normandy coast in 1120. See: Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), p. 173.〕 who remained her captain until William's death in 1087.〔Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), pp. 172-73〕 Stephen received lands in Hampshire, Berkshire, and Warwickshire as reward for his services in the English campaign of 1066.〔Elisabeth M.C, van Houts, 'The Ship List of William the Conqueror', ''Anglo-Norman Studies X: Proceedings of the Battle Conference 1987'', Ed. R. Allen Brown (Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 1988), p. 173〕 Orderic describes the ship: "it had for its figurehead the image of a child, gilt, pointing with its right hand towards England, and having in its mouth a trumpet of ivory.〔Ordericus Vitalis, ''The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy'', Trans. Thomas Forester, Vol. I (London: Henry G. Bohn, 1853), p. 465 n. 1〕 ''Mora'' carried multicolored sails and at the top of the mainmast was the papal banner, consecrated and sent to William from Rome.〔G.H. Preble, 'The "Mora", A.D. 1066', ''The New York Times, June 3, 1883〕 The banner was described as "a square white banner charged with a gold cross within a blue border."
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